摘要: 迄今為止，航天食品研究和飛行食譜的設(shè)計(jì)都強(qiáng)調(diào)了食品的功能和營(yíng)養(yǎng)，還未對(duì)人類在太空中的進(jìn)食體驗(yàn)給予足夠關(guān)注。面向長(zhǎng)期載人航天飛行任務(wù)，為保障航天員營(yíng)養(yǎng)健康，亟需改善航天員在太空中的進(jìn)食體驗(yàn)。太空廚房提供航天員在執(zhí)行航天飛行任務(wù)時(shí)進(jìn)行飲食準(zhǔn)備和就餐的環(huán)境及其配套設(shè)備。太空廚房設(shè)備配置的合理性直接影響航天員在軌工作的效率、進(jìn)食體驗(yàn)和營(yíng)養(yǎng)健康。該文聚焦于如何提高和增進(jìn)航天員在軌長(zhǎng)期生活飲食保障水平和感受，總結(jié)了航天食品發(fā)展及具有良好感官品質(zhì)的航天食品加工技術(shù)；根據(jù)食品加工處理方式，太空廚房設(shè)備需實(shí)現(xiàn)的基本功能包括加熱、冷藏、飲水分配、發(fā)酵、焙烤及餐余垃圾處理等，其中餐余垃圾處理設(shè)備主要功能是抑菌防霉和高效壓縮，避免破壞艙內(nèi)環(huán)境，節(jié)約艙內(nèi)有限的活動(dòng)空間；航天飲水供給與在軌回收技術(shù)對(duì)于維持水平衡及節(jié)約上行補(bǔ)給載荷起關(guān)鍵作用。長(zhǎng)保質(zhì)期航天食品研發(fā)需要兼顧食用安全性及營(yíng)養(yǎng)素穩(wěn)定性；適應(yīng)微重力環(huán)境、在軌使用方便高效、輕量化、綠色節(jié)能及多功能集成化是太空廚房設(shè)備的設(shè)計(jì)與研制原則。受控生態(tài)環(huán)境下食材在軌種植、食品在軌制備及智能太空廚房是未來面向月球基地、載人火星探測(cè)等長(zhǎng)期載人航天工程太空廚房的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。

Abstract: Abstract: Good food and nutrition help maintain psychological and physical status of the astronauts. Maintaining adequate nutrient supply in the aerospace food system is one of the key issues for mission success and occupant health and safety. Since the manned space flight in the 1960s, the space food system has undergone tremendous changes. To date, the manned space mission has been focused on low Earth orbit (LEO) exploring, and the current pre-packaged food system is regularly develped to meet those missions’ requirements. The principles of aerospace food research and flight recipe design have emphasized the functional and nutritional aspects of food, and have not paid enough attention to food in space. Through the human-food interaction design, the astronauts' experience in space is improved from three aspects: Sensory, emotional and environmental. The space kitchen provides an environment in which astronauts prepare for meals and eat while performing space missions and associated equipment. The rationality of space kitchen equipment configuration directly affects the efficiency, eating experience and nutritional health of astronauts working in orbit. This article focuses on how to ensure the long-term survival quality of astronauts in the food security and experience, the development of space food and space food processing technology with good sensory quality were summarized. According to the food processing methods, the basic functions that space kitchen equipment should possess including heating, refrigeration, drinking water distribution, fermentation, baking and meal waste treatment, etc.The main function of the meal waste treatment equipment is antibacterial and mildewproof and efficient compression, to avoid damage to the cabin environment and save the limited space in the cabin. Space drinking water provision and in-orbit recovery technologies play a key role in maintaining the cabin water balance and saving upward replenishment loads. Long-term shelf life space food research and development, food safety and nutrient stability need to be taken into account. Space foods and packages with shelf life of five years are currently undergoing validation tests. To adaption to the micro-gravity environment, easy using in the weightlessness environment, lightweight, energy-saving and multi-functional integration are the principal issues for the design and development of space kitchen equipment. With the advancement of manned space exploration targets such as the Moon and Mars, all major space power countries are considering introducing bioregeneration food systems as development priorities, such as the Advanced Food Technology (AFT) project, China's CELSS180 project, and Russia's MARS500 project. In the controlled ecological life support system, the in-orbit cultivation of plant, the preparation of food and the intelligent space kitchen are the development trend of space kitchens for long-term manned space missions such as Lunar or Mars bases. The Moon, Mars and Venus, where the atmosphere, gravity, soil, radiation and other conditions are different from those on the Earth, which may not support the germination, growth and development of plants. Therefore, to understand how plants grow on these extraterrestrial planets, efforts should be made to develop specific ground models to study in advance the nutritional absorption and growth characteristics of plants in specific environments by simulating the atmosphere and radiation parameters of planets.

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