農業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用的國內外研究熱點和發(fā)展趨勢分析
0 引言
隨著全球經濟和世界人口的快速增長,依賴于傳統(tǒng)的煤炭、天然氣和原油等不可再生化石能源將無法滿足未來人們對能源的需求,同時,化石燃料的利用釋放了大量的有毒、有害物質,導致了全球變暖和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的失衡,對人類健康和可持續(xù)發(fā)展構成了前所未有的威脅[1?-3]。為了應對能源危機和氣候變化等問題,迫切需要尋找效益高、綠色和可持續(xù)的能源替代品。廢棄的生物質由于其來源廣泛且對環(huán)境影響較小,在提供全球能源和其他可再生資源方面具有巨大潛力[4-5]。研究表明,生物質是可再生能源的主要貢獻者,全球每年增長的生物質儲量約為全球總能源需求的8~10倍[6??-9]。基于生物質的廣泛可用性和可再生性,其在支持經濟可持續(xù)發(fā)展、提供生態(tài)友好型環(huán)境方面受到全球范圍的廣泛關注。
農業(yè)廢棄物是主要的生物質資源,人類生產和生活中產生的廢棄物直接或間接來自于農業(yè),常見的農業(yè)生物質廢棄物是指在整個農業(yè)生產過程中被丟棄的有機類物質,主要包括農業(yè)生產過程中產生的植物類廢棄物(如農作物秸稈、林木修剪殘余、尾菜等);牧漁業(yè)生產過程中產生的動物類廢棄物(如畜禽糞便、病死畜禽遺體等);加工過程中產生的加工殘余物(如藥渣、酒糟、果渣、脫油的種子餅、茶葉渣等)和農村生活垃圾(如餐廚類、纖維紡織類垃圾等)[10?-12]。農業(yè)廢棄物中含有豐富的纖維素(含量占25%~50%)、半纖維素(20%~30%)、木質素(10%~15%)以及其它增值成分(如蛋白質和有機酸等)[13-14],其中,木質纖維素是農業(yè)廢棄物的主要成分,約占干物質總量的80%~90%,也是組成植物中剛性結構的重要部分[15]。木質纖維素可用于不同類型的工業(yè),如造紙、生物煉制或生物質燃料以及動物飼料或生物肥料等。據統(tǒng)計,中國每年農業(yè)廢棄物產出量超過40億t,已經成為世界上農業(yè)廢棄物產出量最大的國家[16-17]。然而,中國每年產生的廢棄物僅有一小部分被循環(huán)利用(利用率不足30%),大量廢棄物被隨意丟棄或排放到環(huán)境中,對城鄉(xiāng)生態(tài)環(huán)境造成巨大影響[18-19]。農業(yè)廢棄物的資源化利用不僅將廢棄的生物質“變廢為寶”[20],還可以防止農業(yè)廢棄物的有害影響,改善人居生活環(huán)境,是實現可持續(xù)發(fā)展的有效途徑[21?-23]。
目前,實現農業(yè)廢棄物的資源化利用已經成為許多國家低碳發(fā)展與可再生能源開發(fā)的戰(zhàn)略重點,并有望成為極具發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ膽?zhàn)略性行業(yè)[24]。根據國內最新發(fā)布的《農業(yè)農村減排固碳實施方案》、《中華人民共和國固體廢物污染環(huán)境防治法》等有關文件,已將農業(yè)廢棄物的資源化利用作為深入推進農業(yè)供給側結構性改革和全面實施鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略的重點工作[25]。文獻計量法是數字化時代催生出的一種對已公開發(fā)表的文獻進行數學和統(tǒng)計學等學科分析的計量方法,能夠評價和預測某領域的研究現狀及其發(fā)展趨勢[26]。因此,為了充分了解國內外對農業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用領域的最新研究進展及發(fā)展趨勢,本研究利用知識網絡分析軟件CiteSpace[27-28]和VOSviewer[29]對Web of Science (WOS)核心合集數據庫和中國知網(CNKI)全文數據庫進行檢索,以已發(fā)表的有關農業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用的文章為研究對象,對該領域國內外發(fā)表的中英文文獻、關鍵詞、年度發(fā)文量的變化趨勢等進行計量學統(tǒng)計和深入分析,明確農業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用的研究熱點和發(fā)展趨勢,以期為中國農業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用領域的發(fā)展提供借鑒。
1 材料與方法
1.1 數據來源
本研究所用中文文獻源自于中國知網(CNKI)全文數據庫。對主題詞=(“農業(yè)”+“果園”+“茶”+“蔬菜”+“園林”+“畜禽糞便”+“廢棄物”+“資源化”)進行高級檢索,期刊來源類別分別設置為EI來源期刊和北大核心,核心期刊是目前國內學術界廣泛認同、影響力和權威性較高的一類期刊。英文文獻數據源自于美國科學信息研究所Web of science(WOS)數據庫中的Web of science核心合集,檢索式為:主題(Agricultural waste)or主題(Livestock manure waste)and主題(Resource utilization),時間跨度均設置為1990年1月1日—2022年12月31日,檢索日期為2023年1月5日。通過對檢索結果去重、整理、刪除不相關條目,最終獲得1663篇中文文獻和20905篇英文文獻。
1.2 分析方法
本研究主要采用CiteSpace和VOSviewer軟件對1990—2022年國內外發(fā)表的有關農業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用領域的年度發(fā)文量、作者群體、國家、關鍵詞等進行可視化知識圖譜分析,以明確該領域國內外近30年來的研究現狀以及未來的發(fā)展趨勢。
2 結果與討論
2.1 年度發(fā)文量分析
發(fā)文量是某領域的外在指示,從發(fā)文量的年度變化趨勢可整體觀察和把握該領域的發(fā)展動態(tài),也可反映一個國家/地區(qū)的整體科研實力和國際影響力[30]。國內外對農業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用領域的年度發(fā)文量如圖1所示,總體來看,國內外對該領域的發(fā)文量均呈J型增長趨勢,并且英文的年均發(fā)文量(996篇)顯著高于中文年均發(fā)文量(54篇),其中英文發(fā)文總量是中文發(fā)文總量的12.6倍。對于國內來說(圖1a),在1990—1999年間年發(fā)文量平均不足10篇,發(fā)文量較少,說明此時期國內對農業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用方面的研究剛起步。2000—2015年間年度發(fā)文量呈線性遞長,年均發(fā)文量約為60篇。2016年以后年均發(fā)文量為120篇(2019年除外,可能是受新冠肺炎疫情影響發(fā)文量為44篇),說明國內對農業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用方面的研究受到越來越多的重視。對于國外來說(圖1b),1990—2001年期間英文文獻幾乎沒有出現與農業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用相關的文章,與國內相比,國外對該領域的研究起步較晚。2002年的年度發(fā)文量為184篇,之后呈J型增長態(tài)勢,此時期國際上對該領域的研究熱度明顯高于國內,國內外發(fā)文量差距在逐年擴大,說明2002年后該領域受到了全球范圍內的廣泛關注,國際對該領域的研究熱度及重視程度遠高于國內。

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某領域的SCI收錄的數量反映了一個國家(地區(qū))的整體科研實力和影響力。在英文文獻國家發(fā)文量中(圖2a),中國的發(fā)文量最高(為3948篇),占比率為25.7%,是排名第二(印度)的1.5倍,是排名第三(美國)和排名第四(西班牙)的1.7倍和2.9倍,可見中國在農業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用領域的研究處于領先地位,對全球農業(yè)廢棄物的處置貢獻較大。在國家發(fā)文量可視化圖譜中(圖2b),中國在該領域的研究貢獻最大(圓點越大,貢獻率越大),且與美國、印度兩國的合作關系最為緊密(連線越粗,表示合作越密切),與西班牙、意大利、英國等國家的合作較為松散;對于發(fā)文總量排名第二的美國,除了與中國和印度密切合作之外,與西班牙、巴西、馬來西亞等國家合作也較為緊密。該結果說明中國與西方國家(如英國、西班牙、意大利和巴西等)的合作仍有待加強。
2.2 活躍作者群體分析
學術活躍作者是推動某個領域學科發(fā)展的重要力量。通過對上述篩選的中英文文獻作者統(tǒng)計分析,分別挖掘出205位和89位被引學者,摸清了該領域的被引學者及其合作關系。在中文文獻當中(圖3),先后出現了沈其榮、李榮、常志州、黃紅英、黃啟為、徐陽春、李霞、王東升、楊林章和朱昌雄等高被引學者,并形成了以高被引學者為集群的合作網絡。然而,合作網絡呈現較強的區(qū)域性合作,并且合作關系較為松散,有待進一步加強。在外文文獻中(圖4),出現了Hameed B H、Ok Y S、Zeng G M、Zhang W、Wang H、Liu Y、Li H、Pandey A和Lee S S等高被引作者,與中文合作關系相比,國外作者合作關系較為緊密,說明在該領域研究熱度較高。在中文文獻TOP10作者發(fā)文量當中(圖5a),沈其榮發(fā)表的中文文獻量最多為48篇,張俊飚和李榮分別發(fā)表24篇和20篇,其他學者的發(fā)文量均在20篇以下;外文文獻TOP10作者當中(圖5b),發(fā)文量最高的為Ok Y S和Zeng G M兩位學者,發(fā)文量依次為43篇和41篇,Senthil Kumar P、Hameed B H和Tsang D等發(fā)文量均在40篇以下,并且僅有一位中國學者在列,可見中國在農業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用領域的研究雖然年發(fā)文量較高,但影響力較低,亟需進一步加強。通過對中英文TOP10作者發(fā)文量分析得知,以沈其榮、Ok Y S為首的高被引學者發(fā)文量也相對較高,說明這些學者也是農業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用領域的領軍人物,研究方向對于挖掘該領域的前沿動態(tài)及其發(fā)展現狀具有較高的參考價值。

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2.3 研究熱點分析
關鍵詞是文獻的研究內容與主題的高度概括,有助于讀者了解該領域的發(fā)展歷程和規(guī)律[31]。通過對中文文獻1990—2022年間出現的關鍵詞頻次進行聚類分析,如圖6所示(圓點越大代表出現頻次越高),從出現的高頻關鍵中可以將其分為4類:(1)廢棄物的來源和類別(如農作物秸稈、蔬菜廢棄物、生活垃圾、城市污泥、城市廢棄物、固體廢棄物、電子廢棄物、皮革廢棄物、垃圾分類等);(2)種植類廢棄物的利用(如秸稈還田、生物有機肥、耗氧發(fā)酵、飼料化、生物質炭等);(3)畜禽糞便的處置及危害(如無害化處理、資源化利用、沼氣工程、農業(yè)面源污染、環(huán)境治理等);(4)可持續(xù)的循環(huán)發(fā)展模式(如循環(huán)經濟、循環(huán)農業(yè)、低碳農業(yè)、資源型農業(yè)、減量化、再生利用、清潔生產等)。在英文核心關鍵詞圖譜中(圖7),大致可分為3個方向:(1)圍繞廢棄物對水體、植物的毒害作用展開(紅色圓點,如廢水、污染、污水污泥、農業(yè)土壤、重金屬、植物、氮、磷等);(2)圍繞生物質材料的吸附作用展開(藍色圓點,如生物吸附、活性炭、生物質炭、農業(yè)廢棄物、動力學、平衡、等溫線等);(3)圍繞生物質能源化利用展開(綠色圓點,如生物質能源、甲烷、沼氣、生物乙醇、有機酸等)。通過比較中英文核心關鍵詞可視化圖譜可知,國內外對于廢棄物資源化利用領域的研究熱點并不完全相同,國內主要集中在養(yǎng)殖、種植及農業(yè)加工過程中產生的廢棄物的循環(huán)利用上,具體利用方式更偏向于廢棄物資源化的循環(huán)利用;而國外的研究主要集中在廢棄物對水體、植物的不利影響以及廢棄物的材料化和能源化利用方面。

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0}9}=='sec'" m-for-array="{{custom_ref.citedCount>0}8}" m-for-val="custom_sec" m-for-template-ref="template_secL">2.4 關鍵詞時空突現分析
關鍵詞突現圖譜可定量表示不同研究熱點的熱度及變遷規(guī)律,關鍵詞突現強度越大說明該主題研究熱度越大。通過對1990—2022年間國內外對于農業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用領域關鍵詞進行時空突現分析,可準確分析出該領域的發(fā)展態(tài)勢及演變規(guī)律。在中文文獻中(圖8-a),1999—2016年間突現的關鍵詞有城市生活垃圾、可持續(xù)發(fā)展、循環(huán)經濟、循環(huán)農業(yè)、餐廚廢棄物、低碳農業(yè)、農業(yè)廢棄物、產業(yè)化和建筑廢棄物等,這段時期更關注的是農業(yè)循環(huán)發(fā)展模式及廢棄物來源等方向,對于農業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用意識開始形成;在2017—2020年期間,出現了農業(yè)面源污染、畜禽養(yǎng)殖、種養(yǎng)結合、處理與回用、秸稈、養(yǎng)殖廢棄物、有機肥和資源化利用等核心關鍵詞,研究熱點轉向農業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用,重點關注的是利用秸稈、養(yǎng)殖廢棄物生產有機肥。外文文獻中(圖8-b),2002—2006年間出現了水質、氮、磷、污泥、鎘和銅等核心關鍵詞,研究熱點主要集中在廢棄物對環(huán)境(尤其是水質)產生的不利影響;2008—2017年間出現了吸附、平衡和生物吸附等關鍵詞,研究更傾向于生物質材料的吸附作用;2018年之后出現了生物質炭、性能、能源等關鍵詞,研究熱點向生物質的能源化方向過渡。比較中英文文獻關鍵詞突現強度發(fā)現,國內近30 a來研究更注重循環(huán)農業(yè)產業(yè)的發(fā)展,國外更側重于將廢棄物作為生物質吸附劑和能源化利用。

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0}7}=='sec'" m-for-array="{{custom_ref.citedCount>0}6}" m-for-val="custom_sec" m-for-template-ref="template_secL">2.5 展望
隨著國內農村經濟發(fā)展,農業(yè)廢棄物產量持續(xù)增加,農業(yè)廢棄物處理需求持續(xù)增長,據統(tǒng)計,2020年國內秸稈產生量為8.05億t,可收集資源量為6.74億t[32]。農業(yè)廢棄物的無害化、減量化、資源化利用可減少對生態(tài)環(huán)境的污染,是實現綠色、循環(huán)、低碳、高效和可持續(xù)發(fā)展的有效途徑。本研究通過對近30年來國內外發(fā)表的與農業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用相關的文獻數據進行統(tǒng)計分析發(fā)現,當前國內對農業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用的研究熱點主要是將其直接還田、腐熟后作為有機肥施用到農田中或將其加工后用于畜禽養(yǎng)殖;國外的研究熱點集中在將廢棄物作為生物質吸附劑和能源化利用(如生產甲烷、沼氣、生物乙醇、有機酸等)。
除了上述研究熱點外,近年來國內外對農業(yè)廢棄物的處置方式也得到了一些拓展(如圖9-a),受到關注的還有基質化、材料化和能源化方向的利用機理[33??-36]。將農業(yè)廢棄物加工成基質原料,用于栽培食用菌和花卉,或投喂高蛋白黑水虻、蠅蛆和蚯蚓等以及將其飼料化用于畜禽養(yǎng)殖所產生的蛆渣、蚓糞等,用于發(fā)展種養(yǎng)結合的綠色循環(huán)農業(yè)[37]。目前中國在該領域的研究尚處于起步階段,未來應在實踐的基礎上進行針對性的優(yōu)化和改進,也應注重研究開發(fā)新的廢棄物資源化利用途徑,使其更加生態(tài)、經濟、高效。同時,利用高纖維性廢棄物生產納米纖維素材料[38??-41]、紙板、餐盒、輕型建材板和新型保溫材料[42]等也受到了許多關注,雖然具有隔熱、隔溫、防水和降噪等優(yōu)點,但其生物可降解性、經濟性以及是否會產生二次污染等還有待進一步研究。除此之外,隨著全球能源和不可再生資源的耗竭,將農業(yè)廢棄物作為其主要代替品成為全球共識,目前生物質能源已逐漸成為替代煤、石油、天然氣的第四大能源庫[43],因此,在遵循綠色、循環(huán)、低碳、高效的理念下,深入挖掘農業(yè)廢棄物的多元化處置方式,以便科學、合理地將生物質資源轉化為生物乙醇、生物質氫等具有更安全且可再生的清潔能源[44???-48],同時將產生的廢氣、廢熱、廢渣進行回收利用[49?-51],以降低生物質的使用成本并減少CO2等溫室氣體排放,這些也是未來的重要研究方向?;谥袊硕嗟厣俚幕緡橐约皟?yōu)質資源儲量大幅降低的前提下,在確保14億人口口糧絕對安全下,應該努力拓寬農業(yè)廢棄物的資源化利用方式,將農業(yè)廢棄物原材料進行分類處置,針對原材料屬性分別用于基質化、飼料化、肥料化、材料化和能源化,同時將廢氣、廢熱、廢渣進行回收利用,以實現生物質資源的無害化、減量化、多元化的多級利用(圖9-b)。
0}5}=='sec'" m-for-array="{{custom_ref.citedCount>0}4}" m-for-val="custom_sec" m-for-template-ref="template_secL">0}3}=='sec'" m-for-array="{{custom_ref.citedCount>0}2}" m-for-val="custom_sec" m-for-template-ref="template_secL">3 結論
(1)國內對該領域的研究起步早于國外近10 a,從2002年開始國際上對該領域的研究熱度和重視程度明顯高于國內,發(fā)文量均呈快速(J型)增長趨勢,國內外發(fā)文量差距也在逐年擴大。
(2)國內外對于農業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用領域的研究熱點并不相同:國內主要集中在養(yǎng)殖、種植及農業(yè)加工過程中產生的廢棄物循環(huán)利用上,具體利用方式更偏向于廢棄物的資源化循環(huán)利用;而國外的研究主要集中在廢棄物對水體、植物的不利影響以及廢棄物的材料化和能源化利用方面。
(3)基于中國人多地少的基本國情,未來國內應該努力拓寬農業(yè)廢棄物的處置方式,將農業(yè)廢棄物原材料進行分類處置,隨后用于基質化、飼料化、肥料化、材料化和能源化,同時將廢氣、廢熱、廢渣進行回收利用,以實現生物質資源的多元化利用。
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國家自然科學基金青年基金“磷酸鹽強化鐵氧化物-腐殖酸復合體調控水稻根系細胞壁固定鎘的分子機制”(42007103)
河南省科技攻關項目“鐵氧化物-腐殖酸復合體強化小麥根系細胞壁阻控鎘的機制及關鍵技術研究”(222102110048)
河南農業(yè)大學科技創(chuàng)新基金“基于LCD模型的磷酸鹽強化土壤礦物-腐殖酸微界面固定鎘、鉛的機制研究”(KJCX2020A18)
{{custom_fund}}相關知識
農業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用的國內外研究熱點和發(fā)展趨勢分析
未來農業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用的作用、地位和效益將越發(fā)突出
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