TranscriptNote：This may not be a word-for-word transcript

Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English - the programme where we bring you an interesting topic and six items of vocabulary. I'm Neil.

大家好，歡迎收聽本期BBC英語六分鐘。在本期節(jié)目中，我們會(huì)給您呈現(xiàn)有趣的話題和六個(gè)新詞匯。我是尼爾。

And I'm Catherine.Now, if you want fight climate change - what can you do?我是凱瑟琳。如果你想應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化——你能做些什么？

Well, you can use less electricity…Or stop driving…

嗯，你可以少用一些電……或者別開車…

But scientists believe there's another behaviour which has an even bigger impact on the planet, and that is what you eat.We're talking about meat here.科學(xué)家認(rèn)為另一種行為對(duì)地球的影響更大，也就是你所吃的東西。我們說的是肉類。

If people cut out meat and animal products from their diets - harmful emissions could be reduced by 70%.That's according to research from Oxford University.

如果人們把肉類和動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品從日常飲食中去掉——有害排放物可以減少百分之七十。該數(shù)據(jù)來自牛津大學(xué)的一項(xiàng)研究。

Now emissions are the gases produced by an activity or living thing - so we could talk about factory emissions or farming emissions.And if you eat no meat or animal products you're what we call 'vegan'.

排放物是某個(gè)活動(dòng)或者生物產(chǎn)生的氣體——所以我們可以說工廠排放物或農(nóng)業(yè)排放物。如果你不吃肉或其他動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品，你就是所謂的“素食主義者”。

More and more people around the world are going veganAnd today's question: which of these celebrities is vegan? Is it… a) Brad Pitt, b) Jennifer Lopez or c) Miley Cyrus?

世界上越來越多的人正在變成素食主義者。 今天的問題是：下面哪個(gè)名人是素食主義者？是a)布拉德·皮特, b) 詹妮佛·洛佩茨還是c)麥莉·賽勒斯？And I'm going to go for… c) Miley Cyrus.

Well, we'll find out at the end of the programme.

我選…c選項(xiàng)麥莉·賽勒斯。好的，我們會(huì)在節(jié)目的最后再揭曉答案。

Now, before we go much further, why don't we find out a bit more about exactly what it means to be vegan?Here's Tom Kuehnel from the Vegan Society in the UK.

在繼續(xù)討論之前，先來研究一下到底什么是素食主義者？來聽聽英國嚴(yán)格素食主義協(xié)會(huì)的湯姆·克納爾是怎么說的。

Veganism is a way of living which excludes, as far as is possible and practicable, all forms of exploitation and cruelty to animals.So that's for food, clothing or any other purpose. So we just don't want to use or abuse animals.

素食主義是一種生活方式，在切實(shí)可行的范圍內(nèi)盡可能避免用不正當(dāng)手段利用動(dòng)物或者虐待動(dòng)物。其中包括把動(dòng)物做成食物、衣服或其他目的。所以我們只是不想利用或者虐待動(dòng)物。

And we feel like there, you know, there are plenty of alternatives in this day and age. It's never been easier to be vegan.Of course, he says that avoiding cruelty to animals is what it's all about, but that doesn't just mean food.

在現(xiàn)今這個(gè)時(shí)代，我們其實(shí)有很多其他選擇。要想成為一名素食主義者并不難。當(dāng)然，他說素食主義其實(shí)就是避免虐待動(dòng)物，而把動(dòng)物當(dāng)作食物只是其中的一個(gè)方面。

If you're a true vegan, then clothing from animals is also out - no more leather shoes!But he feels that it's easier than ever before to become vegan - and uses a nice phrase: in this day and age.

如果你是一名真正的素食主義者，那就不能穿用動(dòng)物做成的衣物，也不能穿皮鞋了！他覺得現(xiàn)在做一名素食主義者比以前更容易了——并且用了一個(gè)不錯(cuò)的短語：“in this day and age”。

Yes. It means 'these days', or 'in the present time' - and is often used to highlight a contrast with a previous time.So, many people go vegan for ethical reasons. Now ethical is a useful word, it means 'relating to moral beliefs'.是的。

它的意思是“現(xiàn)在”——強(qiáng)調(diào)與之前作對(duì)比。所以，很多人出于道德原因而成為了素食主義者。“ethical”是一個(gè)很實(shí)用的詞，它的意思是“與道德信仰有關(guān)”。

So if you become vegan for ethical reasons, you do it because you think it's wrong to eat or use animal products.Others go vegan because of environmental considerations, as we looked at earlier.

所以如果你出于道德原因而成為了素食主義者，那就是說你認(rèn)為食用或使用動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品是不對(duì)的。其他一些人是因?yàn)榭紤]到環(huán)境因素才成為了素食主義者，就像我們剛才所說的一樣。

Rearing livestock - that means animals like cows and pigs - produces a lot of harmful methane gas.Now, let's just say the animals themselves produce a lot of it from their bodies.

飼養(yǎng)牛和豬等牲畜會(huì)制造出很多有害的甲烷氣體。這樣說吧，動(dòng)物自身會(huì)產(chǎn)生很多有害物。

The other major reason to choose veganism…Veganism - now, that's the noun for a vegan diet.

所以人們選擇素食主義的另一個(gè)主要原因是…素食主義——這是素食主義飲食的名詞形式。

is because they believe it is healthier.In the research from Oxford University we mentioned earlier,

是因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為這更健康。在之前我們提到的牛津大學(xué)的研究中，

scientists found that 8 million deaths per year could be avoided if the world went vegan.Now, that's human deaths. They claim that half of this figure would be because we no longer eat red meat,

科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果全世界的人們都成為素食主義者的話，那么每年的死亡人數(shù)將減少800萬。這是死亡人數(shù)。他們聲稱其中一半人得以存活是因?yàn)槲覀儾辉俪猿约t色肉類，

and the other half would be due to eating more healthy fruit and vegetables - as well as fewer people being overweight.And they say that this would have an economic impact too.

另一半人得以存活則是因?yàn)槲覀兂缘氖歉】档乃褪卟恕页氐娜藬?shù)也會(huì)更少。他們說這也會(huì)給經(jīng)濟(jì)帶來影響。

They suggest that up to USD1,000bn a year would be saved due to reduced healthcare costs and increased productivity at work.Because fewer people would get sick.

他們指出，由于醫(yī)療費(fèi)用的減少和工作效率的提高，每年能節(jié)省多達(dá)1萬億美元。因?yàn)樯∪藬?shù)會(huì)減少。

So, if it's all so simple - why don't we all go vegan tomorrow?Well, meat-eating is an important part of most cultures - not everyone wants to change.

如果這么簡單，為什么我們不明天就成為素食主義者呢？吃肉是很多文化的重要組成部分——并不是所有人都想改變這一文化。

And millions of people worldwide raise livestock for a living.So these jobs would disappear. Now, with up to a third of the planet estimated to be arid - which means dry and unable to support crops.

而且，世界上有數(shù)百萬人靠畜牧生存。那樣的話，這些工作就會(huì)消失。地球上估計(jì)有三分之一的土地是貧瘠的——干旱、農(nóng)作物無法生長。

People living in these regions rely on livestock, so people for example like the Berbers in the Sahara region.Without animal farming they would be forced to abandon traditional nomadic lifestyles -

生活在這些地區(qū)的人們以畜牧為生，例如撒哈拉地區(qū)的柏柏爾人.他們就被迫放棄傳統(tǒng)的游牧生活方式——

that's where they move from place to place - and settle in cities.And for many people, well, they just like eating meat and dairy.

定期遷移的生活方式，然后在城市定居。很多人就喜歡吃肉和乳制品。

We asked you about well-known vegans: which of these is vegan? a) Brad Pitt, b) Jennifer Lopez or c) Miley Cyrus?And I said it was Miley Cyrus.

我們的問題與有名的素食主義者有關(guān)：下面哪個(gè)人是素食主義者？a)布拉德·皮特, b) 詹妮佛·洛佩茨還是c)麥莉·賽勒斯？我選的是麥莉·賽勒斯。

Well, you're kind of half right, Catherine. In fact, both Brad Pitt and Miley Cyrus are vegan.Jennifer Lopez used to be, but has since started eating meat again, apparently.

你答對(duì)了一半，凱瑟琳。實(shí)際上，布拉德·皮特和麥莉·賽勒斯都是素食主義者。詹妮佛·洛佩茨曾經(jīng)是，但顯然她又重新開始吃肉了。

Now, why don't we wrap up by looking at today's vocabulary one more time?Well - we started with emissions: gases produced by something or an activity such as digestion.

在節(jié)目結(jié)束之前，我們何不再來復(fù)習(xí)一遍今天學(xué)到的詞匯？我們從emissions開始：某些東西或者某種活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的氣體，例如消化。

Livestock emissions for example - are gases produced by animals.We can also add a word that describes a kind of emissions, like methane emissions or greenhouse gas emissions.

例如牲畜排放是動(dòng)物產(chǎn)生的氣體。我們還可以再加上一個(gè)詞來描述某一種排放，例如甲烷排放或溫室氣體排放。

Next up we had in this day and age - which means 'these days'.I still can't believe you still don't have a smartphone in this day and age, Neil.下一個(gè)是in this day and age——

意思是“現(xiàn)在”。我仍然無法相信你現(xiàn)在沒有一個(gè)智能手機(jī)，尼爾。

Well, maybe I just object to smartphones for ethical reasons!So you have for moral reasons to smartphones?

也許我是出于道德原因而反對(duì)智能手機(jī)！所以你反對(duì)智能手機(jī)是出于道德原因？

Yeah, for me it's important to understand the conditions of the workers in the factory where the smartphone is made.That's fair enough then. But, Neil, you haven't become vegan yet for ethical reasons, have you?

是的，對(duì)于我來說，重要的是要了解在智能手機(jī)生產(chǎn)工廠里的工人們的工作環(huán)境。有道理。但是，尼爾，你沒有因?yàn)榈赖略蚨蔀樗厥持髁x者，不是嗎？

You've got me there - I admire veganism but I still like cheese too much to do it! Veganism is the noun.That's right. So two more words to go - we have arid and livestock.

你說的對(duì)。雖然我欣賞素食主義，但我還是太喜歡芝士了，所以我做不到！素食主義是一個(gè)名詞。是的，還有兩個(gè)單詞：arid和livestock。

Arid describes land that is too dry to support many crops or plants.But arid regions can sometimes support livestock - livestock means farm animals.

arid的意思是土地太干旱而無法養(yǎng)活莊稼或植物。但貧瘠地區(qū)有些時(shí)候可以養(yǎng)活livestock——livestock是指農(nóng)場動(dòng)物。

If you think of the 'stock' as being the assets of a business, then animals are 'living' or 'live' stock.And that brings us to the end of today's programme.

如果你把“股票”視為企業(yè)的資產(chǎn)，那么動(dòng)物就是“活”股票。我們今天的節(jié)目就到這里了。

Join us on our Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube pages for lots more! Let us know what you think of veganism!Bye for now. Bye!

歡迎大家在Facebook、Twitter、Instagram和YouTube上收聽我們的節(jié)目。讓我們知道你對(duì)素食主義的看法！再見。再見！6 Minute English from the BBC.BBC英語六分鐘。

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